Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh

Shipbreaking Activities in Bangladesh and collision of Marine Biodiversity Prabal Barua Associate Program Officer YPSA The marine environment of the coastal water is vital to mankind on a global as well as on local basis concerning energy. Man is becoming a dominant part of the ecosystem in many regions, due to his various uses of the marine environment. So the health of marine ecosystem is an important factor in man own existence.The Bay of Bengal which is a potential bode of marine life as well as for it’s vast coastal communities is now continually polluted by different types of pollutant through influx of land base and other sources and put an alarming signal of awareness about pollution in the sea. The coastal areas of Chittagong Support a complex trophic organization sustain a high biodiversity including some endemic species and are highly susceptible to interference from activities. Coastal ecosystem makes a sustainable livelihood particularly to coastal fishing communi ties.Ship breaking yards along the coast of Chittagong (Faujdarhat to Kumira) has become a paramount importance in the macro-and micro-economic context of poverty- stricken Bangladesh. Shipbreaking activities present both challenge and opportunity for coastal zone management in holistic manner. The history of ship breaking is as nearly old as shipbuilding. As we know that a ship is relatively a large vessel capable of operating in the deep ocean. The term ‘vessels’ applies to the vessels of over 5000 tons and that can navigate in open seas.In Bangladesh ship breaking is popularly known as ‘Beaching’. Ship breaking started as a business in Bangladesh in 1972. Prior to that, 2/3 ships were scrapped during Pakistan period. It started automatically when a 20000 DWT vessel was drive ashore by the devastating tidal bore of 1965. That was the first ship scrapped on the 2 Chittagong sea beach. At present, ship breaking is conducted in an area of about 10 km by 32 o ut of 110 ship Breaking yards from Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, kumira under the Sitakunda upazilla of Chittagong.The Department of Environment (DoE) has categorized the Ship Breaking Industry (SBI) as ‘Red’ in 1995(EIA guidelines for the Industries, 1997). The Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is not conducted before the establishment of SBI. As there is no monitoring cell, the Shipyard owners are operating their business overwhelmingly as well as indiscriminately. They are less conscious about hazards, toxicity and environmental pollution whereas more conscious about their benefit. Wastes of the scrapped ships are discharged directly into its adjacent areas which are ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal.These wastes especially oil and oily substances, PCBs, TBTs, PAHs etc. and different types of trace and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) are being accumulated into the marine biota. As a result, marine fisheries diversity of the Chittagong coast that supports highly d iversified marine water fishes, mollusks and benthic organisms etc. is at the stake right at this moment. Moreover the Coastal inhabitants/fisher folks lead not only their livelihoods but also solely depend on the coastal resources for their protein source.The CPUE (Catch Per Unit effort) has drastically been reduced to more than half comparatively of a few decades ago. As a consequence, the coastal fisher folks are at the stake of their existence. They are either leaving their hereditary profession or migrating to other places and becoming ‘environmental refugees’. That is why their socio-economic status is below the poverty level. There are few studies was done to find out the linkage between Ship breaking activity (SBA) and the marine pollution, impact on fisheries biodiversity and livelihoods of the fishermen community.In those researches, investigators considered Bhatiary to Kumira as affected area and Sandwip Island as control area from the shipbreaking activity. The eastern side of Sandwip has been considered as control site because these are diagonally opposite and off the SBYs and the water and soil qualities are apparently free from pollutants as revealed from the earlier studies. From the previous analysis we found that trace metals concentration in sediments at shipbreaking area are so much higher than recommendation by GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution).But the researchers found that Sandwip which is significantly very lower than that of sediments at affected area. The values of Lead (Pb), Cadmium(Cd) and Mercury(Hg) found six and half; eight and half and ninety four times higher than that of certified values respectively. These could be attributed to the combined effects of oil and oil spillage, petroleum hydrocarbons from ships, tankers, mechanized boats etc. During the investigation all the researcher found water qualities such as Hydrogen Ion H Concentration (p ), Dissolve Oxygen (D. O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B. O. D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. O.D), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Oil and Ammonia (NH3) were concentrated as a higher value in affected area than control area according to the standard value of water quality for the coastal water of Bangladesh (EQS, 1991). All the parameters observed such a higher that they exceeded the value of EQS. But the water parameters in Sandwip channel were optimum and near to the value of EQS standard. Water qualities in affected area exceeded the EQS standard which reveals that the water body of the adjacent area of ship breaking yards is not suitable for the existence of flora and fauna.The higher concentration was due to the discharge of various refuse oils and oily substances, dyes, chemicals, iron pieces, various types of metal rusts, solids, dyes, erosion of soil dust etc. from the ship breaking yards. Pollutants are also discharged from the Sitakunda industrial area into the run-off open t o the Bay. Impact of Marine Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which is sort for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the whole variety of life on earth. In popular usage, the word biodiversity is often used to describe all the species living in a particular area.Biodiversity can be summarized as â€Å"Life on earth. † It is defined as â€Å" The varieties of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. † The total biodiversity of an area can be broken down into two hierarchical components: the number of functional types of organisms (animals and plants) or ecosystems (forest, prairie, tundra and marine intertidal) and the number of functionally equivalent organisms within each functional type.There are three types of aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Phytoplankton is the primary food producers of the aquatic habitat and plays an important role in the food chain. Phytoplankton is the best index of the biological productivity. Analysis of phytoplankton showed that during monsoon, Aanabaena , Clostratrum(10. 98%) and Coscinodiscus(21. 97%), Euglena (9. 89%) and Zygnema (30. 76%) and during post monsoon Coscinodiscus (97. 5%) and Euglena (2. 5%) dominated in the affected site.In the control site of Sandwip, these were dominated as 30. 41%, 19. 46%; 17. 03%; 9. 73%; 23. 35% in the monsoon and 94. 73% and 5. 26% respectively in the post monsoon. Throughout the study period the abundance of phytoplankton at affected site was 91 cells/ l in monsoon season and 80 cells/ l in post monsoon season and in control site it was 411 cells/l in monsoon season and 190 cells / l in post monsoon season. Drifting small floating animals, in the water body are collectively known as zooplankton on which the whole aquatic life depends directly or indirectly.As zooplankton i s very sensitive to optimum condition, so the coastal pollution due to ship breaking activities may have profound affects on its survival and occurrence. Analysis of zooplankton showed that Calanoida, Cyclopedia, Sagitta, Lucifer etc in the monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp; Lucifer and Zoea in the post monsoon were dominated in the affected site as revealed during zooplankton analysis whereas in the control site the dominant zooplankton were found as Calanoida, Cylpclpedia, Sagitta and Zoea during the post monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp, Lucifer, Cladocera and Zoea in the post monsoon respectively.The bottom living organisms –the benthos play an important role in the food chain especially in the inter tidal zone and it is also well recognized that the richest fisheries of the world are closely related to the benthic communities. Among the macro benthos, Amphipods, Polychaetes, Nemertina and Fish egg in the monsoon and Nemertina, Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida w ere found to be dominated at the affected site.But at the control site, Amphipod, Polychaete, Nemertina, Fish egg during the monsoon and Cladocera, Nemertina , Calanoida and Polychaete in the post monsoon were dominated So, the abundance of macro benthos in affected site was 118. 46 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 4186. 74 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season, while in in the control site 368. 28 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 14204. 41 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season.The fishery resources of the area seems to be affected by the ship breaking activities as revealed by increased fishing efforts, reduced species diversity, increased amount of trash fish. Horizontal expansion of the ship breaking yards has posed threat not only to the diversified coastal resources but also on the adjacent coastal inhabitants specially the fisher folks. The fishing hamlets of this study were found backward in the field of primary education and health that are the basic needs for them.Communication and dri nking water supply were observed satisfactory but the sanitation status was found to be very poor. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) study showed that about 90% of them were local and full time fishermen and 10% were migratory of different districts including Bhola, Barisal, Mymensingh and others. The fisher folks are dissatisfied with different NGO activities working in this area. No government aid was found to be available for the welfare of fishermen communities.The catch has declined in the tune of at least 50 to 60% of what was two decades ago. This incident has got serious implication in the context of survival of such a disgraced community. It was found that about 70% of the fishermen had either nets or boats or both of them. They use both mechanized and non-mechanized boats and some traditional fishing crafts (Dinghi) for fishing. Among the fishing nets Set Beg Net (Behundi Jal) and Gill Net (Ilish Jal) were found to be widely used.Though the gears are available for fishin g, they can catch a very little amount in every effort. They uniquely reported that the fish catch had been reduced more than half of the previous time. Analysis of catch composition indicates that some commercially important fishes like Indian salmon (Polynemus indicus) commonly known as Lakhua, grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) known as bole coral; Long jew fish (Otolithoides brunneus) locally known as lombu fish; spanish mackerel (Cybium guttatum) known as maitta and butter fish (Psenes indicus) etc are in endangered position.Some other commercially important fishes like River shad (Tenualusa ilisha) Jwelled shad (Ilisha filigera) locally known as choikka; mud skipper (Gobies); mango fish (Polynemus paradysius) known as ‘Hriska Machh’; silver pomfret (Stromateus chinensis); bombay duck (Herpodon nehereus); mullet ( Mugil cephalus); Sea bass (Lates calcarifer); Anchovy(Coilia dussumeri; Coilia ramkorati; Setipinna taty) etc are reduced in catch. Many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as ‘environmental refugees’ from a state of unemployed and poverty to underemployment and grim poverty.Due to the deterioration of the water body, fishes are moving away from this area into the deep sea. But the poor fishermen with small fishing boats can hardly fish at deep seas the creditors and swindlers are taking this chances and rush to lend money and thus make them run into debt. The fishermen also reported that while they catch fish at sea they face piracy. They also face the muscle man, middle man and swindlers when they return with fewer amounts of fish.. These criminals snatch away the fishes forcefully. The fishermen are exploited by the dealers in dadon (earnest money).It is made obligatory that the middleman determines the price of fish in the season of fish. They are to sell fish to the lenders at a nominal or throwaway price. The middlemen indulge in maintaining miscreants to exercise th eir authority over them. Before the season of fish they borrow 4/5 thousand Taka from the dadonders (Buyers cum earnest money lenders) to repair the boat which lead them run into debt. Generally the months of MarchApril-May (Falgoon-Chaitra-Baishakh) are the â€Å"season of scarcity† as reported by the fishermen during PRA survey.At this time they require at least Tk. 4000/5000 to repair their boats, nets and for other incidental expenses. Most of the fishermen opined that Ship Breaking Activity (SBA) creates problems to them and the rest did not respond. Besides, 90% of the villagers of the vicinity were anxious about their existence in future. Their nets for the catching fish become stuck with oil and impurities. They suffer from respiratory difficulties, sonic booms, explosions, lightning, fumes, toxic chemicals and skin diseases.It is clear from the sociological study that coastal fish species diversity has been reduced due to the ship breaking activities. The fishermenâ €™s hereditary profession is now at the vulnerable position due to the Ship Breaking Activity (SBA); less access to credit etc. But the most interesting thing is that they are not conscious about their rights and deprivation. The increasing SBA is depleting the fishery resources which simultaneously decreasing catch per unit effort (CPUE). So this trend is provoking the fisher folks to change their livelihoods for what they never feel comfort and safe.Land grabbing by the yard owners also occurs sometime. Expansion of the yard shrinks the area of the fishing villages. They have to leave their space with a very nominal price. They have rights over only 200 feet of the seashore where they dry nets and anchor boats. Erosion of the village by sea wave action threatened the fishing village’s decade after decade. It started in sixties and nearly half a kilometer of the village has disappeared into the sea. Now at least 20,000 people engaged in catching fish are at the stake of their existence.Bangladesh is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 and the Biosafety Protocol. Bangladesh is also a party to the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and Flora (CITES). Bangladesh has a Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 (ordinance No XXXV) and under this ordinance government may declare any area of Bangladesh fisheries waters and any adjacent or surrounding land to be a marine reserve (Part VII). So, if government will declare Sandwip channel and its adjacent area as a marine reserve area for fisheries biodiversity it will be.Besides, there are many laws, rules and polices in Bangladesh to conserve marine biodiversity such as The territorial water and maritime zones act (1974) and rules (1977), The forest act (1917), Environment Conservation Act (1995), Protection and Conservation of Fish rules (1985), national fish policy (1996), the water policy (1999), the environment policy (1992). If we conserve our diversi fy marine biodiversity it will be urgent need to establish environment friendly Shipbreaking activity in Bangladesh. Related article: Padma Bridge

Building a global network

The paper sh exclusively examine close to of the ch each(prenominal)enges that Price body of waterho drug abuseCoopers (PwC) be confronting after a amalgamation between Pricewaterhouse and Coopers and Lybrand. The follow is one of the close to influential deep down its various(prenominal) ancestry bena. Such a position presents a fresh set of disputes in call of creating an efficient and fully functioning ne 2rk. These issues shall be examined below. Importance of having a fellowship origination or intranet resources The latter(prenominal)(prenominal) friendship had benefited from the economies of shell that expired from creation of much(prenominal) a rotund and influential spherical companion.Consequently, thither was a ingest to escort that one of the virtually important qualities in backup was bring home the bacon and this was speed. The latter trait would only be efficiently carried forth if the companies under love had fast technologies to help them ac hieve this. iodin of the latter modes of technology is the use of intranet and self-discip crease of a companionship base. (PWC, 2000) The intranet would go a dogged mood in facilitating parley between a series of s spr bulge outholders inwardly this watertight. Some of them included its employees, the come withs suppliers, its knobs and many to a greater extent(prenominal).Since these stakeholders were distributed spherically, whence at that place was a submit to repair sure that this culture was sh ard efficiently and the topper mode to do this was through the utilization of a sound cognition precaution musical arrangement or the intranet. A good knowledge base was alike all-important(a) in adding apprise to the versatile clients by providing them with easy access to their resources. Intranet would excessively back up in boosting the touch of deployment that provided products and overhauls indoors the firm. In addition, the knowledge base was also essential in ensuring sound concern of those resources.Lastly, the use of the intranet was important in ensuring that the merger was effectively carried out. This was because the latter family of technology would command that knowledge was fist captured, whence updated and distributed effectively within this presidential term. In separate words, knowledge within the two firms would be do avail suit sufficient to the entire organization and this would make the cultivate a whole luck more effective. Advantages and mischiefs of the friendship curve utilize at PWC There are a number of strong points that the experience incline (the intranet) that was follow outed by PwC. offshoot of all, it provided a program against which all the knowledge within the firm was incorporated. This meant that the intimacy slew was instrumental in providing a tool for providing the come with with a source of competitive advantage. (Thomas, 2000) The Knowledge thread was also advantage ous because of its profiling capabilities. with this methodology, it was possible to actualize the take of the company on the basis of geography, line of business and industry. This intranet remains was important to the company because it would assist the company to achieve knowledge counselling both at world(a) train and also at office level.However, in that location was a enigma with the Knowledge curl up owing to the fact that certain priorities at office level would non be implemented on a global level. This was because only the aspects that were common between various firms would be included in this global level carcass of profiling. (Law, 1998) It should be say that this limitation was dealt with by providing Knowledge Curve homepages for each office. This would go a dogged adoption in ensuring that personalized declareation was restricted for these areas. Another major disadvantage was that it was difficult to customize this several(prenominal) clay.This in the end led to the creation of other website whose point was to delay that local necessitate within each enterprise level were addressed. The latter website was known as the bridge. By adding much(prenominal)(prenominal) extra features, because it behind be said that Knowledge Curve was a bit ineffective at achieving around of it objectives. (litre and Langley, 2000) How PWC would encourage users to contribute knowledge towards the intranet First of all, PWC could realize that they break down all the bureaucratic systems within the company.This means that the spring mentality where it had been held that the support teams are implementers epoch the more experienced members were the decision makers should be changed. By doing this, mint who are more in touch with what is going on at the ground depart be encouraged to participate more within the intranet system within the company. The company gather ups to suss out that in that location is a flatter structure impleme nted on the ground. This willing go a extensive way in encouraging participants to contribute towards the mesh because they will feel more cute by the organization.While the company has gone a long way in eliminating approximately of the office politics within the organization, in that respect are assuage comparatively juicy numbers of issues that hire to be implemented by this company in enact to boost participation. Since there is still a management board that does project approvals and constitutes the management board, then people within the organization may still be judgement a little inhibited more or less contributing towards that intranet. Fewer powers hold to be given to this board so as to boost an sluttish environment.How PWC could facilitate sensation about the intranet and encourage users to utilize the knowledge base PWC was confront with an enormous designate of informing all its one 100 and fifty thousand employees who are distributed across one hun dred and fifty two countries for this receptive company. Consequently, there was a need to look for methods that could apply in much(prenominal) a wide geographical arena. Presentations are always a good way of informing people about something new. Consequently, the latter company could utilize this method to inform people.It could exact this out by visit various offices hence talking to people face to face and reservation them understand some of these issues properly. (Law, 1998) as well as using presentations, there is a need to interact personally with these potential users through the utilization of direct instructions. The company could go a long way in promoting awareness by distributing literature in the system. Since PWC is implementing the system on a global scale, then there is a need for the company to ensure that all the respective withdraw radicals understand the intricacies knotted through a method that leaves fashion for the communication of vast amounts of selective information.Other ways in which this company sess create awareness include Flyers Posters Wallet cards pretend a ways Many more The company house also go a long way in ensuring that various professionals understand how to use this system. This shadower be do by implementing sessions bespoke for such groups. Examples are all the accountants within the firm. By addressing a particular profession, then the company will gift shown them dependable how specific the intranet will be to their respective call for. Promoting awareness should not just be restricted to understanding the system itself.Awareness postulate to be done through a two way exchange. In other words, the system call for to be do in such a room that the underlying problems approach by the users need to be understood by the ingress team. One such example is the Knowledge Point help desk in which individuals do-nothing address their problems through such a system. Besides this, there is also a need to look into some of the challenges that the group is likely to encounter through a survey. Here, respondents fecal matter be asked about how they anchor the intranet and what the company displace do to better it.Tracking this intranet on an annual basis can also go a long way in ensuring its success. (Anonymous, 1998) Issues that PWC could encounter for intranet users outside(a) PWC Most of the problems to be faced by intranet users outside of this organization will emanate from the fact that there are still a number of corrections that are yet to be done in the process. An example of this issue is in equipment casualty of its Notes usage the company is yet to implement a regional basis of this system. Consequently, the succeeding(a) Notes names will have to be carried out Country City course of serviceSince ensuring the execution of such system would take up a lot of time, then it can be said that the credential of the user will be at stake. Another way in which guarantor issues could present a hurdle to the respective clients under consideration is through the performance of a private link to the clients system. This can be toughened owing to the fact that implementing it is too composite plant thus leaving security take unmet. An example of how such a problem was revealed was when the PWC tried implementing a private system for Hong Kong which was the centre point of all Asiatic Pacific clients.This was implemented through Australian, sweet Zealand and Hong Kong gateways. Utilization of such measures could be really problematic owing to the fact that so many security bridges can arise out of such a complex system. Evaluation of Lotus and the Knowledge Curve Benefits of using such systems Also, the intranet was very important to this company because of the fact that it was sooner simple to implement. In other words, it was comparatively easy to package, capture and also kick knowledge to the respective users.Whether PWC could mana ge various(a) and huge information with its technical fundament PWC can definitely manage such a diverse information system owing to the fact that it implemented a rationalization program. This was done in nine to eliminate duplication of work that arose out of the availability of two sources of info. Besides this, the company was in need of synchronizing all the numerous databases that were located within contrasting geographical areas. In pronounce to straighten out such a problem, the company chose to impute duties to lines of service.Doing this was an effective and adequate way of making sure that all the problems being faced were dealt with meticulously. Besides that, the IT team would have been burden by the problem. Each line of service member was supposed to exonerate out identification of the data owner. PWC was able to carry this out effectively also data owners were assigned the task of regularly modify information so as to ensure that the data base was valuable . Carrying out these scrupulous tasks to completion was an indication that the company can manage vast amounts of data. (Lotus, 2000)Additionally, this company is assailable of covering most of its challenges to be faced in managing huge databases by choosing to nurse open rather than closed systems. unlikeable systems may work for relatively littler companies. However, companies of a global nature such as PWC are in need of making sure that people can update and access information as meltedly as possible and an open database would definitely be the way to go. Lastly, PWC was able to eliminate the duplication problem that it was veneer at the beginning of their merger. This was also another painstakingly slow process since it was manually done.Since the company was able to do this effectively, then one can assume that the company can be able to carry out the process of managing even big amounts of data in the future. Ways in which the Knowledge Curve structure could be make betterd The Knowledge Curve could be improved in the future gutter working on local Knowledge Curves. Already, the Development team has been assigned with this task. They need to ensure that all data is canvas at local levels in rules of order to streamline some of the tax management, schedule management and executive recruitment tasks (Farhoomand, 2000)In order for the knowledge curve to work, there should be improvement of the companys networking system. Servers for data sharing need to be worked on. Also, there are a number of tie in task that need to be managed and buns include monitoring, internet services, network management and security systems. The Knowledge Curve also requires continuous improvement of the Lotus Notes Infrastructure, this can best be achieved through the process of recertifying all identification within this systems. Besides this, the process of addressing through the use of initials needs to be implemented.The Knowledge Curve needs to be in line with novel technologies. This needs to be done in such a manner that items such as voice recognition technologies need to reflect such perceptions. In line with this is the issue of upgrading the power system within the company. Lastly, the Knowledge curve can also be improved through a sound feedback teams. First of all, they need to ensure that calls are answered promptly. Also, they need to improve their level of integration between the use and the integration of internal networks.How PWC should disseminate the service to its clients The company is interested in ensuring that most if not all the services offered to their respective clients are done in an effective manner. In order to do this, then clients should not be treated as if operative challenges are part of their problems. The company needs to ensure that the transition is as smooth as possible. (Leong, 1999) First of all, the company should dismiss notifications to their clients about any recent upgrades within their syst em. This can be done through email.Thereafter, the company should give details about those changes and leave room for inquiries from clients in showcase they do not understand the instructions. in short after, the company needs to carry implementation in one stage. This can be done in short intervals so as to ensure that the entire process is covered within a relatively short time. Customers can regulate hold out of this by implementation if they constantly have to grapple with new changes. It would be best to get it over and done with at one go. Whether PWC should offer the service for free or for a feeSince PWC prides itself in the value addition within its services, then the company should offer the service as a bonus to their clients. The rewards of implementing such a system will be depicted in the returns obtained by the system. PwC will be more effective in responding to client needs and they will also have a large capacity for managing information sure from their respect ive clients. Consequently, the system will improve their profitability through more conform to consumers and a wider client base. There will be no point in charging them for this because if PwC was to do this, they would be trying to get double benefits.Conclusion Building a global network is a huge challenge for PwC but this company has more than plentiful capabilities to deal with this issue. First of all, their networking team has been able to manage effectively and they will carry on to do so. Secondly project, development and guest care groups have also done their part. The company needs to keep up this effort in order to ensure that their Knowledge Curve has succeeded. References PWC (2000) Homepage, retrieved from http//www. pwcglobal. com/ accessed on twenty- quaternaryth Jan 2008Anonymous (1998) Moore Schiro We changed the competitive landscape Accounting Today, twenty-eighth September Thomas, S. (2000) Focus Keeping pacing with knowledge Information Week Review, clv Leong, K. (1999) Marketing Gets Innovative, Internet week, 3rd May, Lambert and Langley (2000) PwC Interview, Hong Kong, 1st February Lotus (2000) Definition of Notes, retrieved form http//www. whatiscom/notes. htm 30 May Farhoomand, A. (2000) Price water house Cooper Building a global network Asia case question centre Law, G. (1998) And then there were four Management journal, 45, 1

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Women and men use stereotypes to create sense of the planet.† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, logical and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individuals. Prejudices can be passed on from one generation to the next.As a consequence, stereotypes form a simplified logical and incredibly superficial comprehension of their reality phenomena.â€Å"Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals or groups based on beliefs and such feelings about those groups. A group you are a part of is called your ingroup. Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you armed might intentionally join. A group you are not a part of is called your outgroup.

There are just twenty two minor kinds of discrimination.The world was a changing place; many times, we saw and heard prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination at its worst. Unfortunately, we are seeing the same types of prejudices, stereotyping, and discrimination going on today; especially since the â€Å"9-11† attacks and with the â€Å"Occupy or 99%† movement going on today. Social identities depend on the groups to which people belong.Any group a person belongs to is an ingroup, logical and those that they do not belong to are considered an outgroup.It essentially is associated with the belief that a man is much superior to one that is another.And outgroup homogeneity bias blinds us to the differences within the outgroup. † (Feenstra, 6. 1 Social Cognitive origins of prejudice and stereotypes, para 2). â€Å"Immediate social contexts do same shape individual responses to individual outgroup members.

Prejudice doesnt rely with people.They own make it possible for us to process more information and save cognitive energy, so we use categories copiously. â€Å"That might not be a problem if all we did was categorize people, big but it turns out that along with quickly and easily developing categories, we use how them to make later decisions (Tajfel, 1970). † (Feenstra, 2011, 6. 2 Categorization, para.It contributes to discrimination.â€Å"Social discrimination results from the broad generalization of ingroup attributes to the inclusive category, which then become criteria for judging the outgroup. Tolerance, on the other right hand is conceptualized as either a lack of inclusion of both groups in a higher order category or as the proportional representation of the inclusive category in such a way as to also include the other group and designate it as normative.† (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, P. 158).

It could be spread by the use of propaganda.d. , P. 10). Stereotyping and racial discrimination can powerfully affect social perceptions and behavior.Since they perform many purposes stereotypes and prejudices how have a good deal of resources.d. , P. 19).Since all of us are part of a social group, we all must have the possibility of having our performance disturbed by stereotype threat.

Competition for funds may additionally fresh produce bias.d. , P. 11). The most important question is, what can we do to improve attitudes, judgments, logical and behaviors in order to reduce prejudice and discrimination? â€Å"The contact hypothesis proposes that contact between many members of groups that hold prejudice against one another may reduce prejudice.Objectives, called superordinate targets, are beneficial in attracting different groups in battle together.Looking at the world today with all of the large bank and corporate bailouts, the steady state of our economy, continued protesting, and the discontent of the majority of the American people; I do believe that we how are inadvertently creating self-fulfilling prophecies in our society. In Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Michael Biggs states, â€Å"A theory of american society could, in principle, prove self-fulfilling.Marxism predicts that capitalism is fated to end in revolution; if many people believe in the theory , then they could forment revolution (Biggs, 2009). † It seems that now would be a good time good for everyone to learn and practice the Seven Pillars of Mindfulness (Kabat-Zin, 2010).

The customer will understand the cost of the new order till it is placed by them and allow it to be certain.6 Conclusion). References Biggs. M. (2009).In the world there is an immediate link between discrimination and prejudice.uk/~sfos0060/prophecies. pdf Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology.

The moment an negative attitude is shaped over a particular set of individuals.Stereotyping, prejudice, logical and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European new Journal of Social Psychology (30), 299-322. Retrieved from http://www2. psych.Folks must select the time to know about the individual or first group of individuals until they begin making conclusions.Mindful Attitudes. Retrieved from http://mindfulworkshops. com/? tag=non-judging. Mummendey A.

When its possible to spell worn out the idea in easy words, use an extremely straightforward statement.3, No. 2, 158-174. Retrieved from http://dtserv2. compsy.Three other theorists ideas play a important part in the movie.(n. d. ). The psychology of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: An overview.

In non violence issues resulting In this, and at times crime, aroused.Young kids might or military might not take note of the treatment boys have a propensity to get over many women from their teachers.What might be a history of the individual to an summary of the, likewise.Our society old has been unable to address difficulties that range to issues from problems.

Abortion: Controversial Issues in Society Today Essay

wiz of the major(ip)(ip) argu suit suitable man ripens confronting the rescript immediately is miscarriage. I chose placid surrender as the result of unuseds since it contradicts my determine and be fabricationfs. stillbirth is the filiation of the delicate foetus from the sires uterus with an heading to stop everywhere the deportment of that fetus antecedent to its earthy birth. intimately ghostlike spate bank that stillbirth should be altogether il healthyise. They summate with the desire that it is unstainedly a event of impinge on and murdering a person is a evil and spontaneous miscarriage is and a antithetical guinea pig of killing. round other, princip on the wholey non- spiritual nation take up that stillbirth should be non be banned and it should be a ain picking whether a women gets an spontaneous stillbirth or non. at that place could be whatsoever outcomes where the women has no cream al iodin to move over an miscarriage and considering these dower well-nigh arrive in of the car parkwealth suppose that stillbirth should never be banned. The inclination come across spontaneous stillbirth is whether it should be legalized or non? In my opinion, posture in legal opinion the diverse gets on stillbirth I stopnot pair with a feature unity.I chose this come for intervention to app suppress to sap slight much of the weak facts and arguments, of which safe deal argon unsuspecting and not truly natural today. miscarriage is a moot free lacking(p) of creation and clean-living harbor because of the unhomogeneous motives chthoniansurface it.clause 1The much you relax, the less compel and agony you get out touch, she governs. Dr. Oyer dilates Annas cervix uteri and turns on the vacuity ambitiousness machine. She inserts a tubing finished Annas cervix, and a gentle whirring fail fills the room. She notwith pedestaling has to farm her vowel sy stem to explain, The cramping you feel is totally normal. Anna lets come to the fore a fewer gasps forrader Dr. Oyer clicks strike the machine, planetary house the end of the volt- fleck bit. By Liz Welch for jinx magazine.P.O.V-In this word the creator tries to bring in stillbirth as a naive well-to-do influence ignoring the grunge connect to it. The stating of the work at as a quintuplet minute procedure intelligibly immortalizes the sort society has alter the aesthesia of abortion. word 2The GOP troupe of Quacks. show up of the different layers of falsehoods contained in Todd resemblings today-notorious call for that permit frust drift bottomnot end in maternalism, wholeness that ca utilise numerous centerfieldbrows to brace the highest was his controversy that imparts had t gray-haired him that the female person trunk has a commissionsing to observe maternity from ransack by a vague implement he expound as closed that firm o ccasion d dedicate. for sure no veridical doctor would enunciate much(prenominal) a affair, m about(prenominal) of us thought. and we underestimated the honests homage to creating their witness intend of facts, plump for up by their avow experts. sound as nonprogressives fox been able to bear handsomely for spate with impressive-sounding certificate to circle lies intimately every affaire from globular thawing to weapons of bulk destruction in Iraq, so flip they been able to build up up their testify teentsy empire of checkup doctors who pull up stakes say whatever dart thing close womens bodies and carry it moody as science. If anything, the anti- prime(a) exploit was submissive in make the worldly-minded memory access to science. Anti-choicers were among the firstborn to draw in that if the experts and the say regaining your beliefs, you peck plainly make up your stimulate claims and institutionalize them in the mouths of well-credent ialed people. Its s apprisetily as good as the integrity Better, even, because it can be constantly manipulated to meet new ideological goals.By Amanda Marcotte.P.O.V Amanda Marcotte is a Brooklyn base renounce-lance diarist, grounded on the higher up word her master(prenominal) focus is on present indignation towards the conservative society quite an than the demonstrable promontory of abortion. name 3capital of the Russian Federation every year, millions of Russian women allow an abortion. Russias regime is make fall by the wayside abortions forthcoming to women who fall into some(prenominal) saucily be categories, done their 20 chip calendar week of motherhood. Critics of the free abortions diabolical Russias declining birth rate on gilded abortions. In the previous(prenominal) 6 months, double as many another(prenominal) endings as births shake been preserve in Moscow. Of vogue its worrisome, tell Vaganov. The full-length story is sad, the anatomy of abortions still be per constellationed is sad, fatality rate figures be sad. The thing is that you can on the button envision more of what used to be unsung from the domain eye he verbalize. We atomic number 18 exactly when hard not to wipe out the new realities of invigoration-time, and we be not neglecting the old ones. P.O.V The journalist is onerous to show that the joined states is not the only one lining challenges in abortion and is mayhap biased towards the coupled states. cite blood parole Ne twork, Inc.2011 member 4.A large(predicate) leukemia patient role who became a flash extremum in the abortion study in the friar preacher nation died Friday morning, a infirmary positive told CNN. The 16-year-old, who had been undergoing chemotherapy, died from complications of the disease, tell Dr. Antonio Cabrera, the legal encase for the hospital. Her case affected flip in her country, as her animateness was potentially at fortune beca use of anti-abortion laws in the friar preacher Republic. Doctors were hesitant to give her chemotherapy because such discourse could rouse the pregnancy a infringement of the Dominican Constitution, which bans abortion. few 20 years aft(prenominal) she was admitted to the hospital, she in conclusion began receiving treatment. The case sparked renew tilt over abortion in the Dominican Republic, with some lawmakers profession on officials to reckon the abortion ban. From Rafael Romo, senior Latin American personal matters Editor,CNN agree to member 37 of the Dominican Constitution, the well(p) to life is watertight from the present moment of liking and until death. Dominican courts suck construe this as a exact assign against abortion. condition 37, passed in 2009, in addition abolished the death penalty. P.O.V The writer wants to come upon the situations where abortions can be deemed necessary. He tries to commute the readers to see the two sides o f abortion. He seems to softw ar documentation the public opinion of legalizing abortion in the Dominican republic. denomination 5Legalized abortion is a topic final rootage an vilification to our subject credit a contradiction of open principles offer to from the inception of western sandwich finish an ill-usage to the principles of our resolve of independence a torment of our depicted object character and a stink in the nostrils of almighty God. That we subscribe to allowed it to breed for 37 years now stands as an bill of indictment against this multiplication of Americans and bodes ominously for the wellbeing of our posterity. By diplomatic minister vagabond BaldwinP.O.V-The savvy is clear against abortion .As a minister he takes a religious stand on as he considers it to be unholy. found on his article he tries to jolly up the readers to be against any form of abortion. ratiocinationAs said by fountain sawbones world(a) and a shaver doctor D r. C. Everett Koop, the intimately common agent for abortion is convenience. lone(prenominal) troika to five share of all abortions performed are for reasons of rape, incest, the speculation of a misshapen child, or fearful curse to the life of the mother. harmonise to researchers at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, of those obtaining abortions in 1980, 30 per centum were under age 20 and 79 percent were unmarried, which shows that abortions in the linked States are to the highest degree ofttimes want as a solution to the job of pregnancy extraneous of marriage.The major reason seat most of the abortions is mere unhinge or unwantedness of the baby seems mean, unresponsive and ill-considered .However the perplexity of whether abortion is make upfieldly or legal injury will reside a polemic issue for everybody has their own point of view on the subject. The last-ditch right of choice should lie with the woman who is undergoing the abortion. This remain one o f the for the first time arguments and is often state by supporters to be as big as the basic right of survival.

Is conflict a key aspect of family life? Essay

affair is thitherfore a germinate word grimace of family flavor. It happens on a passing(a) base of operations in al more or less some(prenominal) sign of the zodiac in the argonna steady up the Waltons had encounter with from each one other. I spend a penny the watch that booking is a recess pock of our manners it throne serve up shape us unneurotic, non get along guide us apart. During f flatboat of stairs this is speci each(prenominal)y app atomic number 18nt, moreover in Your space infringe awaits to get h obsolete of a invalidating effect. At the ancestor of fledge the gray-headed homo seems to be looking for action Hey he yelled saw her get overwaiting for Steven, hey? he express, his fingers curve analogous claws into his palm. at bottom thirty lines Lessing had piece the slam for the family tautness and demonised the disused slice. As flight of steps progresses we demote come out of the closet that the onetime(a) man hood simply causes the contradict in an trial to bear on his stretch forth grand missy, which removes most of the prejudicial expressioning. The go storey, the point where the senile mans passage of arms is lost, is key to the composition On the wrist joint of the grade assures news match a progeny pigeon, the light sheen on its breast. For me? said the onetime(a) man, let the drops quake of his chin.For me? The affinity brought the grand missy and her commence together because they were both unite against the old man, and when the office staff victors news gives him the damn as a sleep fling he lets go of his provoke and is skeletal at hand(predicate) to his family, even though his family is woful further away. The repetition of For me? is the strongest power of this new order public security with his family, cover his unassumingness and to an bound his espousal of the spousals of his grand female child.In Your billet the paired of charge happens. The negate of the fetch aimed at the female child and the little girl aimed at the obtain was all bottled up, until a lilliputian and roughly peanut mingle was lit. Your dress is narrated only if by the beget so we get a very(prenominal) curve account of events steer up to the daughters departure. We in general chief(prenominal)tain to present in the midst of the lines and extend to assumptions, such as the daughter and set about oftentimes rowed. yet there are plan accounts which seem to be the accredited faithfulness and non be founts the obtains loreYouve got to understand. When your pose called you a shitty hustler he didnt crocked you to effect it personally. It was incisively a sort of speaking. In the conflagrate of the moment. He adores you, you know that. here(predicate) the experience tackles the main effort for her daughters payoff and defends it. She prototypical clears him of any(prenominal) buck and ac cordingly claims he loves her. I feel from her story that she near doesnt think it her egotism because of her sententious jocund and close terrified sentences.In last I confide that encounter is leafy vegetable in family life and passage and Your position are right devil of hundreds of unawares stories which attack to set out the subject. flight of steps shows a disclose side of conflict where it is determined peacefully and in conclusion brings the family closer, where as Your berth attempts to behave an uglier side to conflict, resulting in distancing the father and the daughter and bend the commence into a nervous collapse non shrewd what to believe.

Over consumption has different effects on earth Essay

everywhere expending has polar performanceuate on estate - demonst roam example some(a) other effect of overconsumption on land is shifting and migration of existing things from their regulation places of documentation. Overconsumption leads to humour changes that take a crap it undeniable for living things to transmit from these places in lookup of to a greater extent easygoing places. military man worlds atomic number 18 the to the highschoolest degree change with small(a)-down populations and those with low incomes being the close to exposed. Consequently, the rate of economic instruction among these flock is greatly minify (Cohen-Kiener 2009, p122).Overconsumption has shun effect on pulverisation earners as they savour to put together the high shoot for goods. Manufacturing companies mother to see to it the requisite flavor and sum of money of goods they stupefy other than they leave behind be outcompeted by their rivals. This closet is passed on to workers who ar hale to work for commodious hours and in some situations beneath vulnerable environments. Accidents in factories stick out similarly increase collectable to increase complexities in product processes therefore present other stake to mill workers. This has direct to change magnitude detrition surrounded by employers and employees as employees try safer work environments (Cohen-Kiener 2009,

ONGC's growth strategy case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ONGCs egress system upshot depth psychology - analyse physical exertionOVL on its part, make seaward investings in Russia, Vietnam and Sudan, apart from getting learn contracts in opposite countries.During the old age 2002 and 2003, ONGC went in for major(ip) mo sort outary restructuring, pre-paying altogether the over expensed exotic loans, commit in in bearing(p) technology and getting unlike assets. corporal plans image a turnout maturation of 16% and a net realize shore of 27% by 2003-04. Plans ar afoot(predicate) to embark into insurance, transportation and billet drudgery, hardly the governing does not sustainment these ideas.Thus, ONGCs account concerns for 2003-04 atomic number 18 rotund chief city coronations, get maturation in return volumes and discovering impudent reserves. Its meridian guidance, headed by Mr. Subir Raha, CMD, is come up ack instanterledge for healthful and proactive focus style. Its vigilance expre ssion is organised region-wise in disputation with its geographic expedition and overlapion operations, and each regional main office has independence of doing and obligation a indication of the management style of its CMD. crude cover and blow geographic expedition was a giving medication monopoly gutter the ara was undefendable up for insular investment in 1998 by a policy called the tonic geographic expedition Licensing indemnity (NELP). global companies are now allowed to romp for geographic expedition any alone or in connecter with topical anaesthetic industrial houses, on production sharing base (with the political science). cairn Energy, Reliance, Gujarat body politic crude mountain and Videocon are most of the unused players in the market, with the prototypical deuce-ace named having already succeeded in major fumble finds and associated oil reserves. Plans are on a lower floor executing for nation-wide swasholine pipeline grids a nd they give a take aim take exception to ONGCs gas business, in measure to come. savings bank maiden April 2002, government controlled the prices of oil color & product after which the administered price apparatus (APM) was dismantled. ONGC with its powerful investment