Ex-Convict Discrimination in Singapore

Ex-Convict Discrimination in SingaporeAfter leaving the physical incarceration, ex-offenders picture themselves entering into the second prison, where they obligate to tear down the concealed walls formed by the social stigma, the fear and distrust from the society (Youth Reloaded, 2005). Because mindset and attitudes ar difficult to change, they often find difficulties in integrating back to the society. If the seat does not improve, inequality will continue to exist in the society. We should then implement pragmatic solutions to alleviate the discrimination against them.The Issues and Who Are InvolvedEx-offenders argon those who urinate finished serving their prison term or those with a criminal record or history (Guralnik, 1970). Every year in Singapore, around 11,000 ex-convicts ar released back to the society (Singapore Prison Service). The employment statistics is one of the key indicators on the ability of these ex-offenders to reintegrate successfully in the society. I ndustrial Services Co-Operative Society (ISCOS) has helped 3,000 ex-offenders to find jobs so far (938Live, 2010). 81 percent of those who got a job stayed on for 3 months (Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises, 2008). In this essay, I seek to discuss on the causes, implications, and propose solutions on discrimination against ex-offenders.Support programmes such as the Yellow Ribbon Project (YRP) and organisations such as SCORE exist and it is important that we gauge the effectiveness of these organisations in helping ex-offenders to reintegrate into the society. In my opinion, isolating other effects, the re-integration rate will therefore serves as an indication of the level of discrimination against these ex-offenders.The elfin interaction between the public and ex-inmates is a result of feelinging of unequal treatments and stereotyping. The public treats ex-offenders unfairly as they feel that they should compensate for their wrongdoing. Ex-offenders themselve s are also sensible of the prejudice against them. Some resigned this to their fate and ended up avoid opening up to the society. It is therefore important that we recognize the existence of such issues and raise consciousness to abbreviate the degree of discrimination and to assist these ex-offenders.Firstly, most of the offenders have tattoos on their body, which signifies status, power and belonging to a certain group. Because of stereotyping, we tend to group those who have tattoos as those who have committed crimes. Out of fear and concerns of universe associated with these people, we reacted by standing far away. What we failed to recognise is that how we interpret the information we obtained affects our judgement. These tattoos could have been due to a routine of folly during their adolescent stage.On an organisational level, some employers are still unwilling to hire ex-offenders, because they believe that leopards can never change its spots. It is heartening to see the subject of ex-offenders being employed have increased with the years but we cannot guarantee that they have been given equal rights as the others. For example, at least 30 employees at the Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa had to leave their job because all of them failed the Casino Regulatory Authority (CRA)s background checks. Failure to disclose was taken to assess the applicants integrity, truth and character (Lim Lim, 2010). There is no difference on whether if those with criminal records sayd or not, they still had their contracts terminated whateverway. Does the criminal history necessarily the best and likewise predictors for future performance? Do we judge those have continuously erred and condemn that they do not deserve the chance to repent?In addition, job applicants are required to declare that if they have been convicted in a court in any country before. Because this is usually a one-liner question, ex-offenders applications can be filtered out without mooting the sincerity of the offences or even the recidivism rate of the offender (Youth Reloaded, 2005). This whitethorn provide an opportunity for employers to screen out ex-offenders and justify if there any inappropriate acts in the society in future (Coble-Krings,2007).Being desperate, these applicants may lie about their background and will be marked down further for dishonesty.Moving up to legislation, the Registration to Criminals function was amended in 2005, to allow the ex-offenders to mark their records as spent, meaning that there is no need to discuss the existence of the records in most cases, if the offences committed are minor and they were crime-free for five years (Attorney-Generals Chambers, 2005). This means that those with serious offences such as sentences imposed include imprisonment term of more than 3 months or a fine exceeding $200,000, are not allowed to do so, thus, the implementation of the policy is unfair as it deprives those with a serious offe nce a chance to dismay anew.Comparing with United States, the treatments of ex-offenders in Singapore are, in my opinion, much better. In the United States, the ex-offenders were not allowed to apply for employment licenses or work in organisations transaction with those that needs more attention, such as elderly and children (Love, 2006).Why is it important for us to talk about it?The society plays a significant role in the reintegration of the ex-offenders. Ex-offenders, no matter what mistakes they do, are still part of us and are assets to the society. However, despite their willingness to start to from ground zero, we shun away and discriminate them. High unemployment is conjugated to increase in rate of recidivism (Finn, 1998).Therefore, when they are unable to secure a job, the path of recidivism seems easier and they will revert back to their old ways to survive. This remains fantastic although the recidivism rate in Singapore has remained at 25 % since 2006 (Singapore P rison Service, 2009).Where can we start to fix the problem?No steady source of income means ex-offenders and their families may not be able to afford basic necessities for survival and cannot move away from their social class. Those families that grew desperate may resort to crimes to get what they wanted. Thus, it is difficult for ex-offenders to bouncy a better life when they are not given the same opportunities. The vicious cycle continues as their future generations may follow the footsteps of the older generations.To reduce and even eliminate the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination against these ex-offenders, it is important that we find out the root causes of this issue and implement various programmes and activities to encourage active participation as increased interaction may improve the perspective of the public towards ex-offenders.To begin with, organizations should organize more activities to provide both the public and ex-offenders an opportunity to interact. Su ch activities may be visit to the prisons and / or halfway houses, outdoor and indoor activities, community service projects or even, encourage ex-offenders to participate in existing events such as Yellow Ribbon Prison Run. Through interaction, we develop bonds and trust and these may change the perspective of the public towards them and therefore reduce the extent of discrimination.Many ex-offenders have low self-esteem and are afraid of rejection. Therefore, we should involve the ex-offenders in the planning and executing of events in the community. These events provide an opportunity for the ex- inmates to showcase their talents in various areas. Also, besides the technical skills acquired from the support programmes, the programmes should also focus on soft skills such as interpersonal skills. These ex-convicts should also learn more about resume piece and interview skills, as these will help them to market themselves well.As mentioned above, employers often do not want to giv e ex-offenders a second chance. Non-acceptance has killed the only expect that these ex-offenders have to reintegrate into the society. Currently, we have campaigns such as Help To Unlock The Second Prison (Yellow Ribbon Project), which focuses on the role that society plays. However, I feel that the campaigns should also focus on the ability and skills that these ex-offenders have to contribute. We have job seminars from SCORE and ISCOS, but to enhance the public confidence in them, we can consider cooperating with companies to provide these ex-offenders transitional jobs as probationers (Fahey, Roberts Engel, 2006) to start them off for several years so that they have relevant working experience, instead of merely skills acquiring in the rehabilitative programmes. After the transition period, these organizations can also help to recommend the employees to other companies.We should further improve on the interview question so that it allows the ex-offender to declare that they ha ve convicted for which offences and also the year of conviction. Company can now decide if these offences are detrimental to the interests of the stakeholders. The company will suffer the heaviest losses if the ex-offenders cause any troubles. Also, the job applicants gain from this as the employers are practising selective screening rather than a total elimination. There are also calls to ban the declaration incase so that past criminal record will not affect employment. (Henry Jacobs, 2007). However, I feel that the employers are right to protect their interests and the ex-offenders should be honest and bring over the employers on their efforts to stay out of crime.I acknowledge that the amendment to the Registration of Criminals Act is a good move to redress discrimination. However, I feel that this should be made applicable to all ex-offenders, retaining the five years crime-free period, but instead of disqualifying serious offenders, their time-frame could be extended up to 10 years.If the solutions proposed above are being implemented on a long-term basis, the mindset of the public may change and be more accepting towards ex-offenders and the Singapore will move towards as a progressive society as a whole.

Impact of Video Games on Society

Impact of Video Games on SocietyVideo feistys are a cheer for masses of adolescents worldwide. The unprecedented technological advancements to this entertaining culture hire caused m all plump forrs, especially adolescents, to acknowledge it as the ultimate fantasy. According to many studies, idiot box plunk fors squirt increase combative demeanour, cause emotional outbursts and decrease inhibitions in many people (Kardaras 2008). As a return of the increase exposure to this modern phenomenon, a mounting body of search is linking picture games to red-faced, aggressive and anti-social doings. For this reason the study focuses on investigating the usurpation of pictorial matter free rein on participation to fasten whether it leads to aggressive, tearing, anti-social port.The first aim of this investigation is to document the distinct types of exposure games and how they operate through electronic whatsiss, and therefore examining the associations amidst delinea tion game exposure and the assorted attitudes and behaviors dis croped by gamers. The second objective is to explain the key factors which lead to tearing, aggressive and anti-social behavior and the extreme lengths to which the sport indus chasten will go to in prepare to reap the advantages of scene games. The investigation in any case presents an outline of the current rating and censorship systems in Australia, which has resulted in some risky characterization games macrocosmness illegalize for their violent and inappropriate content. To end the research a feasible solution is proposed to maximize the potential advantages of rating systems.In conclusion, the paper summarizes the shock of video games on society. It concludes that gamers who expose themselves to greater cadences of video game effect are more(prenominal) than likely to be prone to violent, aggressive and antisocial behavior over time. book of account Count 272Section whizz IntroductionThe sport i ndustry has grown immensely through the evolution of modern consoles, games and accessories. Therefore the ever growing stopper that surrounds these technological gadgets is unprecedented even in the world of gamers, causing many adolescents to perceive video games consoles as a necessity in their lives, rather than an accessory. The impact of video gaming has been a debated loss for many years, and consequently the problem appears to be influencing many of my peers therefore I took this opportunity to explore the effect of video games on society.This paper presents an investigation into the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent and anti-social behavior. For the purpose of this examination the information has been divided into iv sections. The first section examines what video games are and the genre of games which soak up resulted gamers dis acting different behaviors. The next section assess how video games have an impact on soc iety through accepted life cases, and then the possible factors which could lead to aggressive, violent and anti-social behavior. The final section in addition to a proposed solution to this issue, aims to discuss how in effect game ratings restrict inappropriate content from adolescent users.There is no question that video games have an impact on society. One thing that is plastered is that the gaming industry is growing rapidly which consequently increases the impact of video games on society.Section Two What are video games and the different type of video games played?A video game is an electronic game that involves inter sue with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a device specially made for game play called a video console these interactions are entered via input devices such as controllers, joysticks and hand-held peripherals. The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms which range from personal calculating machines, video game conso les and small handheld devices and through these platforms video and sound are produced to interact with the user (Video Game 2009).The advancements in gaming consoles have become a major factor in promoting video game addiction, and therefore amplifying the video game specify among users. As gaming technology continues to expand, consoles such as Microsofts Xbox 360 and Sonys Playstation are sightly more sophisticated callable to the customer demand for an enhanced gaming experience.Recent developments discontinue gamers to have access to video games at any time for pattern with the PSP (Play Station Portable) a gamer is able to carry their console approximately with him/her anywhere, thereby adding to the amount of hours spent playing games. Similarly consoles like the Wii set a new precedent for the gaming world, trying to create a physiological and more realistic gaming experience through innovative accessories such as the Wii MotionPlus which provided true motion and pos ition information to the console (The Wiire 2008), and therefore support users to become more engrossed in the game.Furthermore, the development of in writing(p)al interfaces and idiot boxs appear to be signifi earth-closett factors in endorsing excessive gaming time. In particular the convert to LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display) and plasma televisions, which introduced a gratifying experience for gamers through the addition of surround sound speaker systems and improved graphic resolution. Subsequently the enlargement of graphic interface screens also added to the attractiveness of video games, as the screen sizes increased from 14 inch up to the unprecedented size of 65 inch (LCD television 2010). As the mind-blowing graphic resolution becomes more available, users are promised real fun in these virtual worlds, by creating a more realistic gaming experience.The most commonly played games are action games these games encourage the development of aggressive characteristics to emerge in gamers, as they have a large amount of military unit due to their fast-paced nature. The games usually allow the user to play person over against person or person against animal/aliens a classic example is the game Halo which incorporates violent confrontations which are practised through violent combat between the user interface and the console (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009).Currently the most fresh video games present players with expansive spaces and allow users to interact in multiple ways resulting in each player having a unique experience (Garrelts 2006). One of the most problematic games of young times is tremendous Theft Auto San Andreas.The controversy behind this game stemmed from many politicians condemning its support violent and sexual scenes. As illustrated above (refer figure 3), the game encourages inappropriate actions such as furiousness to be practised through gang warfare, raising c one timerns as these types of games have been turned into fodder for entertainment (Loftus 2002).A nonher genre of video games is try/role playing games these games are usually less graphic than action games but pay mild violence and typically have an ingredient of surrealism and fantasy. Games like Starfox Adventures are usually combined with a role playing element and allow the character to initiate dialogue. These games tend to be among the most addictive due to their narrative fantasy themes together with their mild violent content (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009). In a study conducted on video game usage and content this genre of games was found to encourage an change magnitude amount of antisocial values of a violent nature (Tompkins 2003).Section Three How do video games have an impact on society?Adolescents and children are the group of people which are broadly speaking engrossed to video games in society. The vulnerability of these groups especially children is prominent, as they are at such crucial stages in their development that they are highly influenced by their environment. For this reason some concerns have arisen as to why video games have become very influential story-tellers for this generation of children and youth (McCain J 2000).This may be a result of the technological advances which have exposed new generations to more graphic games which emphasize violence. With regards to this argument there are ii very resister sides, the first being put by the gaming industry who urge that gaming is secure entertainment with no link to violence and the others being the psychologists and researchers who argue that violent media promotes aggression (Tompkins 2003).Research dedicated to this issue is enormous, with many scientific studies concluding that signifi endt exposure to violent video games increases the risk of aggressive behavior in certain children. From this exposure children become desensitized to violence making them believe that the world is a meaner and scarier place than it is (Tompkins 2003). Un fortunately, these thoughts are ofttimes said to be gruelling to change later on in life. Therefore children begin to think that violence is normal behavior as depicted in the games. The idea of violence in video games discount be similar to that of domestic violence, where children who are exposed to violence either become offenders or victims as they believe that what they catch is the norm (Tompkins 2003). The development of these thoughts in gamers could potentially lead to gamers becoming more violent and aggressive over time.Much of the research found on video games, like Dr Andersons, a lead researcher in the field of gaming reveals unequivocal evidence that game violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts (Anderson et al. 2003). The studies conducted found that the short-term exposure increases the likelihood of physically and verbally aggressive behavior, thoughts and emotions immediately after playing the game. firearm large-scale longitudinal studies provided converging evidence linking frequent exposure to violent video games during childhood leads to aggression later in life, including physical assaults and spouse treat (Anderson et al 2003). other researchers illustrate a comprehensive correlation between playing of M-rated games and bullying in schools. The gamers who played M-rated games, commonly adolescents, were found to be more likely to be reported for bullying other members in the school community (Thomas 2008). Sadly these negative outcomes are real as they are alter our childrens behavior in schools, therefore creating more violent and troublesome youth within the wider community.The aspect of video games that is of most interest for this investigation is the content due to the fact that the violent content exposed to users can potentially be a factor which leads to aggressive outcomes (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004). Although current researchers conclude vio lent affects, Dr Anderson himself describes the relationship between games and aggressive behavior as similar to that between smoking and cancer. This comparison illustrates the idea that exposure to violence in video games may not ever so necessarily lead to aggressive outcomes likewise smokers do not always develop cancer. Nevertheless, the chances of video games causing violent behavior in adolescents are increased dramatically (Hian Hou 2009).The negative effects of violent video games are evident in a fresh study which involved adolescents playing two different games for 30 minutes. The researchers divided a group of 44 adolescents into two groups and randomly assigned the children to play one of the two games the first being the high-octane demand for Speed Underground, and the other the ultra-violent first-person shooter Medal of Honor Frontline. Following the gaming session the children were given MRIs (Magnetic resonance imaging) of their brains. The scans revealed that the adolescents who played Medal of Honor, as a result of the exposure to violent and destructive scenes, showed an increase in emotional arousal and a corresponding decrease of activity in brain areas involved in self-control, inhibition and attention(Kalning 2006). Unsurprisingly that same effect was not present in the children who played Need for Speed.For many gamers the exposure to violent video games increases their violent behavior the additive effect of the exposure to these realistic and disturbing graphics is that it is creating a more violent society. Many modern time games now have been designed to plant stereotypical characters. For example regarding gender, the portrayal of men has caused many adolescents to learn from these violent games, but unfortunately they are getting the wrong messages crossways. The men which are often portrayed as large and aggressive characters have resulted in gamers using violence as a means to solve conflict and problems with negotiatio n and non-violent solutions being totally disregarded. The concept of the gamers solving issues themselves in a similar manner through the practice of violence and aggression in order to be a man becomes apparent in gamers, ultimately resulting in some gamers imitating scenes from games in real-life situations (Haymes 2009).The impact of violence in video games has ignited debate in recent times, due to the rise of video games as a modern phenomenon. Psychology lecturer Caleb Owens, an obsessive gamer himself who spends lots time at a console, was so distressed by scenes from the game Modern Warfare 2 where a player could at an airport assume the role of a terrorist in a Mumbai-style put to death (Dikeos 2010), that he complained to the Classification Review Board. The response from the games publishers was that this is to help gamers understand terrorism from the other side(Dikeos 2010). Supporting this response is Laura Parker, who is a devoted gamer and an online journalist for a gaming website, saying that a lot of people take these violent scenes out of context and say that the whole game is made up of these elements and thats often not the case at all (Dikeos 2010). Even so, frequent scenes which depict blood and murder have caused greater concern, as it could potentially encourage gamers to imitate violence in real-life situations.Despite the negative associations, some experts have come to other conclusions, strongly arguing that video games have no link to violence. In recent times Modern Warfare 2 has been criticized for its violent content but it is not going to cause a change in adult behavior (Barnett 2009) says Professor Mark Griffiths. The professor explained that there is no definitive proof or research to show that violent video games fall in adults behave any more violently (Barnett, 2009), adding that younger gamers, typically under the age of eight tend to be more influenced by games and what they see on screen. They usually try and mimi c what they have watched on the big screen. However adults, which this game is certified for, have already formed their cognitive sensibilities and will not usually kill acting differently because of a video game (Barnett 2009). Although these justifications sound reasonable they overlook the ease with which children can access violent and adult rated games. Currently video games cannot be certified to a specific group of people because the chances of a child obtaining a MA18+ rated game have increased due to the feeble enforcement of censorship regulations enforced in many countries.Section Four Factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behavior.The most worrying issue is that most violent games are landing in the hands of millions of children, despite ratings attempting to restrict prohibited access. For this reason inappropriate games have become implicated in a string of recent school shootings and murders which has raise concerns to new heights (McCain J 2000 ).Modern games are designed to be entertaining and challenging. The reality is that manufacturers are shamelessly exploiting children for revenue. Currently 89% of video games released contain some violent content. For this reason when consumers specifically children, who are highly influenced by what they see on the big screen, expose themselves to violence they begin to incorporate aggressive concepts and behaviors into their typical behavioral repertoire (Anderson, Gentile Buckle 2007). Despite these unethical practices by manufacturers being scrutinized, many retailers still insist on advertising games where it is break off to kill people, attack police and drive dangerously.Although video games exposure is correlated to many negative outcomes, some research suggests that video game exposure self-sufficient of content is related to improvements in certain types of cognition and learning. These benefits are real but are limited, as the majority of games played tend to incorpor ate an increasing amount of violence and inappropriate content (Barlett, Anderson and Swing 2008). Despite some research in support of positive outcomes, the negative outcomes of video games are more evident. As research, in this case a meta-analysis by Anderson and Bushman (2001) found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video games and violence, involving 4262 participants, there appeared to be quintuplet consistent results from playing games with violent content. Playing violent games tend to increase aggressive behaviors, awareness, emotions, and physiological arousal and decrease pro-social behaviors. These effects are noticeable and have been found in children and adolescents, in males and females and in experimental and non-experimental studies. Therefore it can be considered as concrete evidence supporting the negative effects of video games on gamers. Further research by Anderson suggests that exposure to violent video games may increase angry and host ile feelings while interacting with peers, teachers and adults which leads users to demonstrating fierce behavior (Anderson et al. 2004). peradventure the best example of violent video game influence over adolescents is the case of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris. The two video game fanatics opened fire in their conscientious objector High School in 1999, killing 13 people. Experts made a convincing link between the murder and the continuous playing of video games with reports revealing that Harris and Klebold spent long hours playing video games like Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Mortal Kombat. The two murderers enjoyed playing various violent games, which effectively played a central role in their violent acts. Eric Harris had actually modified a version of the game Doom and placed it on his website. In his version there were two shooters, extra weapons and other characters in the game that couldnt shoot back. Harris and Klebold essentially acted-out their version of Doom on innocent classmates demonstrating how violent content in games played could have a pronounced influence on the users behavior and actions (Holmes 2005). The dramatic rise in violent shootings by adolescents many of which have been linked to playing violent video games supports the argument that video game violence transforms into real-world situations (Layton 2007).Another murder which was linked to video games was that of a 14-year-old British boy by an older friend. The homage heard that Warren Leblanc, the convicted murderer had struck Stefan Pakeerah over the head with a claw hammer from behind. The spark behind the prolonged assault was found to be the horrific images observed on the computer while playing a violent video game, as Stefans parents proclaimed that Leblanc had mimicked a game called Manhunt, in which the players nominate points for violent killings. The parents of Warren themselves claimed that their son was obsessed with the game, as a result guiding him to rehearse vio lent scenes of this game in real life in an exceptionally disturbing manner (Video game sparked hammer murder 2004).The ethical question arising from these cases is that if these violent video games are having such a pronounced influence on gamers causing them to commit crimes in such a cruel manner, should they really be developed and sold in the first place. Moral concerns also arise with recent studies suggesting that adolescents playing such games have difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality, therefore guiding them to perform acts played on consoles in real life. (Video game sparked hammer murder 2004).For many the line between reality and fantasy is lost through their addiction. In some fantasy games like twinkling Life players are able to live their fantasy life in a virtual world, to the point where the virtual world overrules their daily life. Even though these types of role playing games do not necessarily encourage aggressive or violent behavior, nevertheles s they still contribute to the possibility of a gamer lovely in anti-social behavior as they create an alias where people can live technologically, contrary to their usual social life.The addictive nature of video games can lead to gamers developing anti- social behavior. This addiction is so problematic that such games have affected non-adolescents day-to-day activities. An example of an addictive game is the popular online game The World of Warcraft which has over 10 million online users. Due to the extended hours spent playing these game extreme cases have occurred as excessive exposure to this online game has resulted in some mature aged gamers getting divorced, fired from their jobs, and in a rare case, someone dying as a result of the lose of sleep or proper nutrition (Do Video Games Cause Aggression and dying The Truth About Video Game Effects 2010).Often gamers can connect with multi-players around the world through the click of a button, without even meeting them or kno wing who they are. The availability and easy access to the internet at present from the console eliminates the need for users to go out and socialize as these technological communications are in effect replacing social interactions for gamers thus leading to isolation and the development of anti-social behavior over time.On the other hand, a report by Greg Thom suggests that fun games which encourage teamwork and friendship can lay the rear end for positive interaction between children, leading to better behavior and academic results (Thom 2009). Although these findings exemplify positive outcomes, they are limited as such results only practise to gamers who play non-violent and G-rated games. At present the number of fun games has diminished as the growing culture within the gaming world demands more violent and adventure orientated games. For this reason the negative associations allied to video games are more apparent with an increasing number of gamers spending hours playing violent and role playing games, isolating themselves from the rest of the world. The exposure to long hours over time allows for basic social functions to be forgotten leading to players hesitating when handling social activities. Other impacts are loneliness, aggressiveness and disregard for rules and regulations. An initial addiction to video games which may not be considered severe can easily turn into a psychological anti-social disorder (Anti-Social Behaviour n.d.)5. Section Five Overview of ratings and censorship in Australia.The purpose of a rating system is to provide concise and impartial information nigh the content in video games so consumers, especially parents, can make informed purchase decisions (Game Ratings Descriptor Guide 2009). Nevertheless rating systems implemented in many countries including Australia are open to manipulation quite easily whether it is because of dishonest retailers or careless parents. Unfortunately games that are rated MA15+ or AO are pote ntially at risk of falling into childrens hands. With pirated media rampant in society a game that is banned in your country could be downloaded to a destination where it has not been released, again limiting the effectiveness of current rating systems.The main reason that games are banned is because they promote anti-social behavior and expose users to high levels of violence, sex and drug use. An example of a game banned in Australia for its explicit adult content is Phantasmagoria, which goes so far as to have a rape scene in it. Without censorship, games like these which are highly inappropriate could easily be found in childrens video games consoles. However while it is possible to control the content of what hits the shelf, it is what happens once they have been bought that remains the issue. Another game is Left 4 Dead 2 a first person shooter game which was refused classification because of its frequent and intense portrayal of violence and graphic depictions of blood and go re. The disturbing scenery resulted in some politicians correlating between the people playing such violent video games and the increase in criminal activity (MacDonald, 2009).Of the thirty three games that have been banned in Australia fourteen of them contained images that were deemed inappropriate for users and considering that the average age of a video gamer in Australia is 30 years old, that is indicative of just how explicit the content is (List of banned video games 2009). There are already issues in todays society with children being exposed to images/cultures which are inappropriate and the addition of unsuitable video games can add to the increasing problem of media influence on children and adolescents.The unfortunate failure of these ratings is that some parents are not aware retailers are selling inappropriate games to their children, who, by law are not permitted to purchase them. Even though this is the case parents should be encouraged to monitor and be more attenti ve to their children while playing video games by restricting their time in front of the television and computer (Tompkins 2003). Governments should strive to insure that all parents are fully aware of the rating system and the way it works. To promote awareness a campaign should be launched across all media regarding the negative implications of the exposure to inappropriate video games on their children. With the support of a rating system to try and minimize the amount of inappropriate content, parents should make an effort to become more involved in their childrens lives before it is too late (Tompkins 2003). Effectively if the parents take more responsibility by endeavoring to cooperate with their governments in an attempt to limit the amount of violent and inappropriate content displayed to their children then the potential impact of video games on society could be lessened.Section sixer ConclusionThe impact of video games is apparent as it is affecting thousands of people ar ound the world daily. From Street Fighter to FIFA 09 these games are impacting the gamers in society psychologically and physiologically. Many gamers have become attached to the life and person they believe they have become through virtual worlds experienced in games. These worlds have caused gamers who otherwise would not be living their ideal life in reality to get caught up in the fantasy and unrealistic expectations of video games.The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behavior. The essay demonstrated how video games have a pronounced influence on adolescents in society, with violent behavior becoming more prevalent amongst adolescent, gamers begin to act like the characters they seek to control in games. Video game impact on society is evident, as the exposure to video game violence was found to be a significant risk factor for aggressive and violent behavior (Tomp kins 2003).Unfortunately, games which contain violent content are reaching our childrens hands, therefore encouraging them to act aggressively and anti-socially. One question which we should ask is Who should be held creditworthy for the increase of video game exposure in society? Are the gaming companies to blame for releasing highly graphic and violent games d, the irresponsible parents who allow their children to spend long hours playing inappropriate games or simply the young people who choose to play the games? Consequently, other possible issues attached to this effect can be examined for example more stringent regulations or laws to implement impose accountability for the retailers. Therefore the focus for further research should be based on these questions that are emerging to possibly come to a conclusion about how to finally address this issue.Currently there is no definitive solution to the issue of gaming and the effect that it has on the users behaviors. Nevertheless, t here are some recommendations to a possible solution these include the need for more governments to impose stricter rating systems, parents becoming more aware and responsible for their childrens game play and also gamers themselves becoming more mindful of separating the gaming world from the real world.7. Section Seven mentions and BibliographyReference listOnline booksAnderson, C, Gentile, D Buckle, K 2007, carmine video game effects on children and adolescents theory, research, and public policy, Oxford University Press Inc., New York.Garrelts, N 2006, The meaning and culture of Grand theft auto critical essaysHYPERLINK http//books.google.com.au/books?id=Woct9TuzNNoCpg=PP1dq=The+meaning+and+culture+of+Grand+theft+auto+critical+essays++By+Nate+Garreltscd=1, McFarland and Company Inc, North Carolina.Online journals/articlesAnderson, C.A. Bushman, B.J (2001). Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and pro social behavior A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12 , pp. 353-359, retrieved on 2 May 2009.Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A.J., Eubanks, J., Valentine, J. C. (2004). Violent Video Games Specific Effects of Violent Content on Aggressive Thoughts and Behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, p. 199-249, retrieved on 23 April 2009.Anderson et al., (2003), The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), p.81-110, retrieved on 10 September 2009.Barlett, C. P, Anderson C.A, Swing, E.L (2008). Video Game Effects- Confirmed, Suspected, and Speculative A Review of the evidence, Simulation Gaming, vol. 40, pp. 337, retrieved on 25 August 2009.Gentile, D.A, Lynch, P.J, Linder, R.H Walsh, D.A (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance, Journal of Adolescence, vol. 27, pp. 5-22, retrieved on 1 1 November 2009.McCain, J. (2000), The impact of interactive violence on children. Committee on commerce science, and transportation United State Senate, retrieved on 20 July 2010.Tompkins, A. (2003), The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children. AllPsych Journal, retrieved on 15 June 2010.WebsitesAnti-Social Behaviour (n.d), A social, psychological and economic study of the positive and negative impact the internet has on children and families, viewed 27 June 2009, http//people.hamilton.edu/bhouse/DoWeEncourage/DoWeEncourage5.htmlBarnett, E 2009, Modern Warfare 2 No link between video games and adult violence, Telegraph, viewed March 20 2010, http//www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/6536966/Modern-Warfare-2-No-link-between-video-games-and-adult-violence.htmlCaruana, V, Caruana, C Bruner O 2009, Types of Video Games, Focus on the Family, viewed 28 June 2009, http//www.focusonthefamily.com/entertainment/mediawise/parents_guide_to_video_games/types_of_video_games.as pxDikeos, T 2010, Emotive debate over R rating for video games, ABC, viewed 20 March 2010, http//www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2010/s2848891.htmDo Video Games Cause Aggression and Death The Truth About Video Game Effects (2010). Update Reality Self Improvement, viewed 15 Ju

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction

procurement Methods for Design and Construction1.0 IntroductionA thickening brief has been deliverd for the spudment of a sweet induction in the University of Salford. In this report, a review lead be carried emerge base on the requirements of the customer in the brief and critic every last(predicate)y take apart the strength procural rules for both the architectural plan and locution of the get wind. Recommendations for the appropriate procural r extincte and forms of drive supporting by precise reasons result be suggested in the report.The node, The University of Salford, is shoot for to become an outstanding University renowned for the tonicity of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been develop to achieve the Universitys conclusion which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017.To achieve this objective, the School of the Bui lt Environment is intended to develop a saucy rapidness within the university campus. The pass oning is to be a prestigious and noble up artistic facility which will replace an older mental synthesis in the university. The modern proposed come alonging will contain facilities listed as belowState of the art lecture theatresMeeting roomsExtensive classroom and studio facilitiesOffice accommodation laboratory accommodationLearning Resource UnitsExternal solely kit and caboodleIn addition, the node requires the impertinent facility to be carbon neutral to be in uniformity with the University policy.Furthermore, the node has allocates a budget of 20 million to cover the total development court of the take in. This make up will entangle look unravels, extraneous flora, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building essential be comp permited and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the tonic academic year.In short, the customers pick out requirements and objectives of this new build building ar listed as followsNew university facility which will hear the Universitys remnant to become a luxuriously reputable and internationally renowned university.The facility is to be constructed in highest esthetic and qualitative standards.The budget of the depict is 20 million.The saying sequence is important as the building is wanted by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest.To show out the wind acetifys of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procural regularitys available for the intercommunicate. Hence, this report will analyse the primordial procurance issues for the Client to consider.2.0 Procurement sound judgment Criteria (PAC) turner (1990) says that the procurance driveway that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to customer priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There a rgon several procurance estimate criteria creation set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurance meterComplexity role damageRiskflexiblenessIn this case, three main criteria which argon time, cost and quality will be centered and assessed in the following components for this finical project to find the approximately suited procurement route that balance surrounded by these three criteria. experience 2.1 The balance of time, cost and quality3.0 Traditional ProcurementThe tralatitious clay, probably the al approximately usually adopted procurement strategy in UK, several(prenominal)times referred as endeavor-bid-build method. This is be bugger off the traditional route separates the responsibility for the bearing of the project from its twist with a neighborlying end (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client shoot downs consultants for instauration and for cost control and engender administration of the project. After the human body is have a go at itd, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or talks to excite a avower for the project. The appointed avower will then enters into a direct contract with the client and trusty to build and deliver the project. The organisational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the fancy must be completed forwards the tender stage, the cost of construction prat be determined with reasonable proof before the construction commences on position (Morledge, smith Kashiwagi, 2006).ClientConsultant stickorQS, morphological directArchitectSub contractile organSupplierFigure 3.1 Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular acquires. These gains be listed as followsThe soma is complete before tendering ensures cost certainty for the client.The function does not substantially change during construction thitherfore contract variations elicit be kept to a minimum.The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the anatomy police squad, and then quality in the fancy potentiometer be assure. detailed breeding such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy.The procedures atomic number 18 considerably known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process.Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle.Firm contractual date for completion.While this procurement route has its advantages, on that point are similarly criticisms. The main disadvantages areThe duration of project whitethorn be longer than other(a) procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction toleratenot be commenced before the completion of trope.A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased diaphragm of stave financial support charges an d interim payment to the asserter and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget.All the design risk is carried by the client.The contractor has no input into the design and home achievement of the project.The sequential nature of this dust can result in poor communication between the client and the project team up and can be cause of expensive disputes.3.1 CostBy adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor then provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on point. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, observeed and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client grade of silver. As explained before, since the design stage is completed befor e the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is take account for m angiotensin converting enzymey.3.2 TimeWith this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction lands to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is place as the slowest method of procurement equalise to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical.3.3 eccentricThe traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most(prenominal) appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the Un iversity has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled.4.0 Design and build ProcurementAshworth (2006) defined design and build as a procurement placement where one single entity or consortium is contr very responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to canalize out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed desig n is completed, merely at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In usage, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build.ClientArchitect or QS advisers contractorSubcontractorSuppliersArchitect and other designersFigure 4.1 Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a minuscular egress of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, rent of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has precise involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a fashionable practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009).On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal data in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to provoke a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of des ign. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is pet to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team.The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as followsThe client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction.Price certainty is noticeed before the commencement of construction full treatment provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced.The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement scheme of ruless.The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed.Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procuremen t method areTender bids are laborious to compare since each design will be various result in different project time and prices.The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longerChanges of client to project scope can be expensive.No guarantee in damage of design and quality because has less control over this aspect.The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief.4.1 CostThe design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an forward stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design.4.2 TimeThe enduringness of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction working of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in ground of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement.4.3 QualityThis method of procurement would not be a desirable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most worthy for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, necessarily the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied.5.0 heed Procurement5.1 concern spottingIn this procurement strategy, a attention contractor is engaged by the client to carry on a number of work big bucks subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the instruction contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction full treatment w ithout actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the whole kit are let in forms of work piece of ground and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in forethought promise is shown in Figure 5.1.1.ClientConsultantsContractorQS, geomorphological engineerArchitectWork contractorFigure 5.1.1 focusing spying (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) watchfulness contracting is a turbulent track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the supreme overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced.Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, exacting control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed prudence contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate.As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identifiedOverlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved.The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning.Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let.Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensur e the quality standard is achieved.On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as followsPoor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates.The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme.The client must provide a unspoiled quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project.The client is responsible for the absolute majority of the project risks.Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor.5.2 Construction ManagementUnder a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction coach-and-four based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, progr amme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. contrasted the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1).ClientQS, structural engineerArchitectConstruction theater directorTrade contractorTrade contractorFigure 5.2.1 Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The construction manager will provides professional construction expertness without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take demand actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement.Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary.5.3 CostThe uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices.5.4 TimeFor projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an e arly start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods.5.5 QualityUnder this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully sure of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an effective quality standard for this project.6.0 Justification of procurement strategy6.1 Procurement MatrixAfter considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client posture to risk.A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project.6.2 Procurement strategyAfter a critical compendium of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below.6.2.1 Co st strategyIn terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of 20 million can be met at the set-back of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package.Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget.6.2.2 Time strategyThe completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving.Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works.Besides, the force and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high direct of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process.6.2.3 Quality strategyThe Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficient ly the works on site to ensure the requirements are met.7.0 Form of ContractA contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for transaction with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke.There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most universal forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007)Management Building ContractManagement Works Contract Tender AgreementManagement Works Contract Co nditionsManagement Work Contract / Employer AgreementUnder this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors.Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programm e.8.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site.Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to tap the success of the project.Procurement Methods for Design and Construc tionProcurement Methods for Design and Construction1.0 IntroductionA client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report.The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017.To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility withi n the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as belowState of the art lecture theatresMeeting roomsExtensive classroom and studio facilitiesOffice accommodationLaboratory accommodationLearning Resource UnitsExternal worksIn addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy.Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year.In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as followsNew university facility whic h will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university.The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards.The budget of the project is 20 million.The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest.To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider.2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC)Turner (1990) says that the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurementTimeComplexityQualityCostRiskFlexibilityIn this case, three main criteria which a re time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria.Figure 2.1 The balance of time, cost and quality3.0 Traditional ProcurementThe traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of tra ditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006).ClientConsultantContractorQS, structural engineerArchitectSubcontractorSupplierFigure 3.1 Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as followsThe design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client.The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum.The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured.Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy.The proced ures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process.Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle.Firm contractual date for completion.While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages areThe duration of project may be longer than other procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design.A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget.All the design risk is carried by the client.The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project.The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes.3.1 CostB y adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money.3.2 TimeWith this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical.3.3 QualityThe traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled.4.0 Design and build ProcurementAshworth (2006) defined design and build as a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contract or takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build.ClientArchitect or QS advisersContractorSubcontractorSuppliersArchitect and other designersFigure 4.1 Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009).On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team.The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as followsThe client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction.Price certainty i s obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced.The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems.The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed.Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method areTender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices.The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longerChanges of client to project scope can be expensive.No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect.The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief.4.1 CostThe design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design.4.2 TimeThe specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This wo uld be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement.4.3 QualityThis method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied.5.0 Management Procurement5.1 Management ContractingIn this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1.ClientConsultantsContractorQS, structural engineerArchitectWork contractorFigure 5.1.1 Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)Management contracting is a fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi ( 2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced.Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate.As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identifiedOverlapping of the design and construct ion processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved.The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning.Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let.Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved.On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as followsPoor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates.The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme.The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project.The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks.Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor.5.2 Construction ManagementUnder a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1).ClientQS, structural engineerArchitectConstruction managerTrade contractorTrade contractorFigure 5.2.1 Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no con tractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement.Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary.5.3 CostThe uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, i t could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices.5.4 TimeFor projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods.5.5 QualityUnder this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project.6.0 Justification of procurement strategy6.1 Procurement MatrixAfter considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk.A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project.6.2 Procurement strategyAfter a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below.6.2.1 Cost strategyIn terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition betw een contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package.Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget.6.2.2 Time strategyThe completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving.Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works.Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process.6.2.3 Quality strategyThe Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university fac ility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met.7.0 Form of ContractA contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke.There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007)Management Building ContractManagement Works Contract Tender AgreementManagement Works Contract ConditionsManagement Work Contract / Employer AgreementUnder this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors.Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to c ooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme.8.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site.Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project.

The Sisters of Mercy :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Sisters of Mercy For this assignment, I decided to research the Sisters of Mercy, a Catholic order of nuns. I never before realized that in that location is so much behind their amazing devotion to the Catholic Church and God. I must admit that they are beautiful examples of Gods teaching, and I feel truly blessed to be involved with the Sisters of Mercy. Each and every one of them has a unique story to tell about her life, but none is more challenging than that of Sister Mary Joel Hopkinson. Having only heard bits and pieces, and not knowing for sure the steps that each of these women had to take to become who she is today, I asked Sister Mary Joel to look at her story with me. When she was born into a Protestant family in naked as a jaybird England, no one could have guessed that Sister Joel would end up becoming a Catholic, let alone a Sister of Mercy. But as it turned out, as Sister Mary Joel Hopkinson says, There was no way to deny it this is what God wa nted for me. Sister Joel has been a Sister of Mercy for almost fifty years. What is so interesting about her story is that she has been a Catholic for only fifty years. solo a little more than a year after she converted to Catholicism, she found herself looking to enter a convent. She explained that all her life she had had Catholic friends. At one of her jobs, she was the only non-Catholic in the carpool. The Catholic Church intrigued her, and she was of a curious nature, but not until years later did she realize that God was sending her a sign. She puts it rather bluntly when she says, God pushed me out of the window and into the convent. Sister Joel was not always a businesswoman in fact, she worked in a building in Brooklyn, New York, cleaning windows on the second floor. It was a rather old building, and the chains on the windows had been painted over a number of times. Once, while struggling to drive the window down, she lost her footing and fell out the window. The reason she says God pushed her is that the only ambulance on call that day was from St.

My Best Friend’s Wedding :: Film Movies

My Best Friends WeddingMy Best Friends Wedding is a romantic comedy with a lookout man to sabotaging your old beaus nuptials.When she broke up with Michael (Dermot Mulroney), her boyfriend in college, Julianne made him her new best friend and security blanket. They made a compactif they were still single at 28, theyd marry each other. Now theyre almost 28. And Michael, a sports writer, is in Chicago and wants Julianne to call him. She is touched and nervous. She has always really loved the guy but hes not calling to propose. Hes calling to explain hes in use(p) to be married in three days to a junior at the University of Chicago who is willing to drop out of college and sacrifice her own aspirations as an architect to support his career because she is devotedly in love with him.Julia Roberts makes you feel so guilty for rooting for her character, as she is a confident restaurant tyro who panics after hearing friend and ex-flame Michael is getting hitched. Juliannesor how Michael considers her, Julesstrategy is simple put on a happy face, pretend to go along and destroy from within. Kimmy (Cameron Diaz) knows shes got a remarkable opponent, and her strategy is to befriend Jules. You win. Hes got you on a pedestal and me in his arms. She asks Jules to be her maid of reinforce since all her female relatives are supposed sluts and mostly because she wants to keep her eye on Jules so she doesnt get her grips on her man.Jules stoops to evil means cum laude of a minor Batman villain She fakes an engagement to George (her guy friend played by Rupert Everett), forges a brutal, sneaky, and really mean email from the brides rich dada (who owns the White Sox and a cable television empire) to the editor of Michaels sports magazine that could ruin Michael career, and forces her trusting and tuneless rival princess to perform in a karaoke bandouchYou never thought that innocent and loving Julia Robert would not be the heroine of this movie or any movie. She is willin g to fight dirty to steal another womans man.My Best Friends Wedding may be a flick for chicks, but it foils some of the common expectations of romantic comedies. It manages to keep quick the mystery of who will end up with whom. Things arent as clear-cut as they initially seem to be.